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Christy Nicole Turlington (born January 2, 1969) is an American model best known for representing Calvin Klein fragrances since 1987. She has also worked on various campaigns for Maybelline Cosmetics and Giorgio Armani, has appeared in several films about the fashion industry and was a co-founder of the now defunct Fashion Café.






Early life
Turlington was born in Walnut Creek, California, the middle of three daughters born to Dwain Turlington, a pilot for Pan American World Airways and a flight attendant from El Salvador, María Elizabeth (née Parker).

She was discovered by Dennie Cody while horseback riding in Miami, Florida, where her father was working as a training captain for Pan Am. Turlington began modeling after school from age 14 to 16 and during summers until she graduated from Monte Vista High School. After graduation, she moved to New York City to model full-time.


Career
Turlington has several accomplishments in the modeling industry, having had numerous million dollar contracts with companies like Maybelline, Chanel, and Calvin Klein. Although she is known as one of the most successful supermodels in history, Turlington has rejected the 'supermodel' label. She is widely respected in the fashion industry as one of the friendliest and most professional models in the business. In 1988, Turlington along with Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer became known as the first supermodels.[citation needed] Photographer Steven Meisel booked Turlington, Campbell and Evangelista frequently and together they became known as the "Trinity."[citation needed]

During the 1990s, she appeared in Unzipped, a documentary about fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi, and the fashion mockumentary film Prêt-à-Porter by famed director Robert Altman. Additionally, she was featured in Catwalk, a documentary about life on the fashion runways by director Robert Leacock.

Turlington also appeared in two music videos. Fellow model Yasmin Le Bon got her husband Simon LeBon of Duran Duran to feature Turlington in their 'Notorious' video in 1986, as well as the album cover. In 1990, singer George Michael drew inspiration from Peter Lindbergh's January 1990 British Vogue cover (which features Turlington, Campbell, Evangelista, Crawford and Patitz) for his 'Freedom' video. The video featured all top 5 female models along with their top 5 male counterparts, lip-syncing the song.


Christy Turlington I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur campaign posterShe has appeared on over 500 magazine covers and has been featured in several professional photobooks, including Peter Lindbergh's '10 Women', Arthur Elgort's 'Model Manual', Herb Ritts 'Man/Woman' and Karl Lagerfeld's 'Off the Record'. In 1993, she posed nude for PETA's anti-fur campaign. Also in 1993, her face was used on 120 mannequins created by Ralph Pucci for the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, causing her to be called the 'Face of the 20th Century'.

More recently, she has become a partner in three successful business ventures: an ayurvedic skincare line (Sundari) and two clothing lines produced by Puma: Nuala, an active women's clothing line; and Mahanuala, a women's yoga-wear line.

On August 11, 2006, Women's Wear Daily reported that Turlington had signed a multiyear contract with Maybelline, marking her return to the company that made her famous with its 'Maybe She's Born With It' ad campaign.

In honor of Turlington's fortieth birthday, W magazine put together an online slideshow of iconic images from her career, from runway shots from the late eighties to today.

On the issue regarding the statement of Claudia Schiffer that the supermodel was dead, Turlington agreed saying, "It's over, it's over, it's over,". "It was fun, but now I just wish it would go away. The name supermodel? I hate it."

Turlington is the author of Living Yoga: Creating A Life Practice (ISBN 0-7868-6806-6). Owing to this interest in Eastern religions she went back to school in 1994 and graduated cum laude in 1999 from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study of New York University where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in Comparative Religion and Eastern Philosophy. Despite this interest, she has remained a practicing Roman Catholic since childhood.] Previously a vegetarian, she has gone back to being a meat-eater. An ex-smoker whose father died of lung cancer, Turlington is also an anti-smoking activist as well as being a sufferer of emphysema.

Turlington dated actors, Roger Wilson, Christian Slater and Jason Patric. In late 2000 she met actor/director/writer Edward Burns at a party and within weeks, the two of them were engaged. After postponing their October 2001 Italian wedding due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, just blocks from where they lived in New York City, they broke up. The couple re-united and married on June 7, 2003. It was also the 5th anniversary of her father's death from lung cancer. Despite numerous erroneous media reports, Turlington was not given away by good friend Bono. Bono attended the San Francisco wedding but Christy said, "He (Bono) was there, of course, but I gave myself away. I mean, I was 25 weeks pregnant at the time. Eddie met me halfway down the aisle.". Burns and Turlington have two children: a daughter Grace born October 25, 2003, and a son Finn born February 11, 2006. Christy's sister Kelly is married to Edward's brother Brian Burns, and together they also have a son born in early 2008. The family resides in New York City, near Ed Burns old loft that was formerly owned by JFK Jr

Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is an English model, singer, and actress.

Childhood
Campbell was born in Streatham, London, England. Her mother, Valerie Campbell (née Morris), is a former ballet dancer of Afro-Jamaican descent. In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her unnamed father, who left then-18-year-old Valerie two months after the birth of their daughter. Campbell is Black Jamaican and also of Chinese Hakka descent through her paternal grandmother of Chinese Jamaican ancestry (family name Ming). Of her appearance, Campbell has said: "My features are completely ethnic, and I'm proud of them."

As a young child, Campbell was left in the care of a nanny while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. At age 10, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy stage school, where she studied ballet. She attended Dunraven School, a comprehensive school run by Inner London Education Authority in Streath
Modeling
Campbell's first public appearance came aged 7 in February 1978 when she was cast as a pupil to appear in a music video for Bob Marley's song Is This Love?. In 1982, she appeared in another music video, this time as a tap dancer for Culture Club's I'll Tumble 4 Ya.

At age 15 and while still a student at the Italia Conti Academy, Campbell was spotted by Beth Boldt, a former Ford model and head of the Synchro model agency, while window-shopping in Covent Garden. Campbell soon opted to become a fulltime model, signing with Elite Model Management. Although Campbell started her career as a catwalk model, she was quickly hired for various high-profile advertising campaigns, including Lee Jeans and Olympus Corporation, which introduced her to the American market. Campbell also completed campaigns for Ralph Lauren and François Nars. At age 15 in April 1986, Campbell appeared on the cover of Elle, replacing a model who had canceled out of the appearance.

In August 1988, she appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris as that publication's first black cover girl. In addition to Vogue Paris, Campbell also became the first black model to appear on the cover of Vogue UK, Vogue Nippon and Time magazine. She has also posed nude for Playboy and appeared in Madonna's 1992 book Sex, in a set of photos with Madonna and rapper Big Daddy Kane. In total, Campbell has appeared on more than 500 magazine covers.

She famously starred in George Michael's music video Freedom! '90, where she lip-synched to his song along with fellow supermodels Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford and Tatjana Patitz. In 1992, Campbell appeared in Madonna's music video for Erotica, which featured filmed footage from photoshoots for the book Sex. In addition to the previously mentioned music videos, Campbell has appeared in videos for artists such as Michael Jackson, Nelly, Jagged Edge, Jay-Z, P.Diddy, The Notorious B.I.G, Macy Gray, Prince and Usher.

The highpoint of Campbell's career was in the early 1990s, when she was part of the two major supermodel powerhouses: the Big Six, alongside Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista and Kate Moss, and The Trinity, alongside Turlington and Evangelista.

In 2008, when talking about the model profession, she said: "Models need to earn their stripes - I just think the term is used a little too loosely. Kate Moss is obviously a supermodel but, after Gisele, I don’t think there’s been one." In reference to Gisele Bündchen.

Campbell is signed to IMG Models (New York City), Storm Model Management (London), Marilyn Agency (Paris), and d'management group (Milan).

In 1991, Campbell was featured on Vanilla Ice's single Cool as Ice. Three years later, she sang on the Heaven's Girl track

Music
In 1991, Campbell was featured on Vanilla Ice's single Cool as Ice. Three years later, she sang on the Heaven's Girl track on Quincy Jones's album Q's Jook Joint. In 1995, Campbell released her debut album, Baby Woman, which produced the unsuccessful single Love and Tears. Although panned by critics and a commercial flop in the UK, where it failed to chart higher than 75, Baby Woman was a success in Japan and sold over 1 million copies worldwide. Campbell's collaboration with Toshinobu Kubota, La La La Love Song, the second single from Baby Woman and the theme song to Long Vacation, became a No. 1 hit in Japan, with the single selling approximately 1,856,000 copies.


Literature
Campbell's 1994 novel Swan told the tale of a supermodel being blackmailed over dark secrets in her past. The novel was actually written by author Caroline Upcher,with Campbell later explaining: "I just did not have time to sit down and write a book."[10] Campbell later released a photo collection titled Naomi, featuring pictures of Campbell taken by Richard Avedon and other leading fashion photographers.


Fashion
In 1999, Campbell developed a spin-off company, the Design House of Naomi Campbell. So far Campbell has created seven fragrances for women, most of which were released in Europe. In 2000, Campbell introduced her first perfumes, Naomi Campbell and Naomagic, a portmanteau of Campbell's name and the word "magic". In 2001, Campbell introduced her third perfume, Cat Deluxe, and in 2003 released Mystery. A year later a fifth fragrance was made, Sunset, and in 2005 another fragrance was released, Paradise Passion. Campbell's latest fragrance is a new version of her Cat Deluxe perfume called Cat Deluxe at Night.


Charity
Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the children and people of Sub-Saharan Africa. She has worked with Nelson Mandela, and has said that one of her greatest joys in life is knowing Mandela, stating that his kindness, passion and intelligence make him a modern world leader. In 2005, she helped create and participated in Fashion Relief, raising over a million dollars for Hurricane Katrina victims. On 7 July 2007 she hosted the South African leg of Live Earth in Johannesburg.


Personal life
Campbell has several adopted father figures, including Quincy Jones and Chris Blackwell, and an adopted grandfather, Nelson Mandela.

In the summer of 2008 many news reports informed that Campbell is going to marry Russian real estate entrepreneur Vladislav Doronin and therefore accept Russian Orthodox faith.

Legal and physical assault issues

Legal and physical assault issues
Campbell has been arrested and convicted of physically and verbally abusing others. Accusations against Campbell include the following:

2000
In 2000, she pleaded guilty in a Toronto court to a 1998 assault on Georgina Galanis, her then assistant; Campbell had allegedly assaulted Georgina Galanis with a telephone in a hotel room and threatened to throw her out of a moving Peugeot. Under an agreement with the prosecution her record was cleared in exchange for her expressing remorse; Campbell also paid Galanis an undisclosed sum and agreed to attend anger management classes.

2004
In March 2004 the House of Lords overturned a Court of Appeal judgement and awarded Campbell damages in the amount of £3, 500.00 upholding an earlier judgement that her right to privacy had been infringed following publication of photographs of her leaving a Narcotics Anonymous clinic.

2005
In March 2005, Campbell allegedly slapped assistant Amanda Brack and beat her around the head with a BlackBerry personal organiser. Campbell's spokesman Rob Shuter denied the incident ever took place. In July 2006, Brack began legal proceedings against Campbell, claiming Campbell abused her verbally and physically on three continents. Brack accused Campbell of assault, battery, and infliction of emotional distress in incidents that started a month after she began working for her in February 2005. Campbell countersued for an unknown amount. Italian actress Yvonne Sciò has claimed Campbell left her "covered in blood" after an altercation at a Rome hotel, allegedly due to the fact that Sciò had worn the same dress as Campbell. Sciò's claim: "She punched me in the face. She was like Mike Tyson."

2006
On 30 March 2006 in New York City, Campbell was arrested for allegedly assaulting her housekeeper with a jewel-encrusted mobile phone, resulting in a bloody head that required several stitches. She was charged with second degree assault, a felony that carries a minimum sentence of one year and a maximum of seven years in prison. On 28 September 2006, Campbell did not attend a required court appearance in New York City, and the judge ruled that he would order her arrest if she failed to turn up in court the following week, on charges of a second-degree assault on her housekeeper, and could be jailed for up to seven years if convicted. On 25 October 2006, Campbell was arrested in London on suspicion of assault; she was released on police bail. On 14 November 2006, another former Campbell housekeeper, Gaby Gibson, began a new court case against Campbell seeking unspecified damages, and accused her ex-employer of being a "violent super-bigot". On 15 November 2006, Campbell appeared in criminal court in New York City regarding her March 2006 assault charges. Her defence lawyer and the prosecutor told the judge that they were "still in the process of working out a possible plea deal in the case". The Boston-based law firm Sullivan & Worcester, which had assigned a top litigator to defend Campbell throughout her many escapades, severed their relationship with Campbell in 2006, allegedly stating publicly that Campbell was a danger to everyone around her.[citation needed]

2007
On 16 January 2007, Campbell pleaded guilty to a charge of reckless assault against her maid Ana Scolavino. She was sentenced to five days community service and ordered to attend two days of an anger management course. In addition, she was ordered to pay medical bills of $363 (£185) to Scolavino who required four stitches after the incident. According to a report on CNN, Campbell blames "her temper on lingering resentment toward her father for abandoning her as a child". On 19 March 2007, Campbell began mopping floors at New York's Sanitation Department for her service. On 20 August 2007, New York Supreme Court Judge Michael Stallman issued a decision and order denying Campbell's legal attempt to exclude Gaby Gibson's references from her history of well-publicised, allegedly "chronic abusive and repeatedly violent conduct toward her employees." Judge Stallman reasoned that "if proven, the reports of Campbell's conduct" might result in proving that it was so "wanton or outrageous" to justify the punitive damages sought by Campbell's ex-housekeeper.

2008
On 3 April 2008, Campbell was arrested inside Heathrow's Terminal 5 on suspicion of assaulting a police officer after one of her bags had been lost. Campbell was subsequently banned from flying globally with British Airways by the airline.[34] She was charged with three counts of assaulting a constable, which carries a maximum sentence of six months in prison and a fine of up to £5,000, one count of disorderly conduct likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress, which is punishable by a fine of up to £2,500, and one count of using threatening, abusive words or behaviour towards cabin crew, which comes with a maximum penalty of £1,000. On 20 June 2008, Campbell pled guilty to four of the six charges against her, while the Crown Prosecution Service decided to drop the other two charges. The remaining charges include two counts of assaulting a police constable; one of using threatening, abusive words or behaviour to cabin crew; and one of using insulting, abusive, threatening behaviour or disorderly conduct likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress. [36] Campbell cited racial verbal abuse from members of the airline crew of British Airways as the reason for her outburst. Campbell was sentenced to 200 hours of community service in relation to these charges. Campbell also alleged that British Airways staff called her a "golliwog supermodel" in the incident.

Runway (fashion)

Runway describes a narrow, usually elevated platform that runs into an auditorium, used by models to demonstrate clothing and accessories during a fashion show.

It is sometimes called ramp, as in "walk the ramp".

Catwalk describes a narrow, usually elevated platform used by models to demonstrate clothing and accessories during a fashion show. The term probably derived from catwalks that connect adjacent buildings. The term may also be derived from a more literal meaning, as models on the catwalk often use a walk which is like that of a cat, placing one foot directly in front of the other to produce an alluring swagger in which the hips take on a more exaggerated movement. In fashion jargon, "what's on the catwalk" or similar phrasing can refer to whatever is new and popular in fashion.

A catwalk is also known as a runway, especially when it is not elevated. This form has been used in such instances as the title of the television series Project Runway.


Catwalk Conditions
Many High Couture fashion brands such as Christian Dior,Vivienne Westwood and Louis Vuitton have been accused of exposing models to dangerous and harmful conditions on the Catwalk, some Catwalks stretch up to 45 meters long and it makes it impossible for models to stay upright with a combination of extremely high heels and a slippery Catwalk.Some Catwalks have been made from fake grass, plastic and PBC materials.


Documentary
Catwalk, a documentary covering life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock and premiered in 1996. The film followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage. The film was shot in black and white and color, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.

Forever 21 is a chain of clothing retailers throughout World

Forever 21 is a chain of clothing retailers throughout the United States, Philippines, Canada, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Thailand, South Korea, and Puerto Rico [Summer 2009] offering fashion and accessories for young women and men (teenagers). Most of the retailer's apparel is private label and imported from China.

Forever 21 typically serves the same audience and competes with Urban Outfitters, American Eagle, Wet Seal, Red Sea, Guess, and Charlotte Russe.

1984-1999 The chain, originally known as Fashion 21, was founded in Los Angeles, California in 1984 by Korean-American Do-Won Chang and his wife, Jin-Sook. The first store , located at 5637 N. Figueroa St. in the Highland Park district of Los Angeles was only 900 square feet (84 m2); it is still in operation and bears the chain's original name. By the end of the first year, sales had risen from $35,000 to $700,000. Fashion 21 eventually expanded at the rate of a new store every six months and changed the Fashion 21 brand name to Forever 21.

In 1989, Forever 21 opened its 11th store and first store located in a Mall, at the Panorama Mall(www.Panoramamall.com) which is in Panorama City, CA. Forever 21 increased its presence by expanding the average size to 5,000 square feet (460 m2) per store. Since then, Forever 21 has been running speciality stores in major mall locations nationwide. In 1995, the company expanded their chain to Florida and opened a store in Miami's Mall of the Americas, this location was the first store outside of California. Adding new stores every six months, Forever 21 had reached a total of 40 stores by 1997.

Creating its own prototype store in Northridge Fashion Center, Forever 21 has employed its proprietary design concepts to all its stores since. By this time Forever 21 also increased its average size to 9,000 square feet (840 m2) per store in prime spots of top tier malls.

Drastically expanding the number of Forever 21 stores nationally, Forever 21 opened XXI flagship stores in Georgia, Texas, Miami, Los Angeles, Orem, Chicago, and Canada. The average size of XXI venues are average of 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2). Since 2002, Forever 21 has been ranked as one of the 50 largest privately held companies in Los Angeles. In 2005, Forever 21 was operating over 355 locations nationwide with the brands Forever 21, Forever XXI, For Love 21, and Gadzooks. In September 2008, Forever 21 opened its new flagship store in North Atlanta, Georgia (Dunwoody), the first XXI flagship in Georgia. Another flagship opened in Atlanta two months later. Its numerous shop-in-shop concepts demonstrates the continuing strength of boutique and specialty retailing over the department or megastore format.

Forever 21 will open its first flagship store in Puerto Rico at Plaza Las Américas during Summer 2009. The store will be one of the most spacious of the chain, similar in size and design to the Forever 21 in New York, San Francisco, and on the exclusive Michigan Avenue in Chicago. Forever 21 will be located in a 40,000-square feet space located in the third level of the mall, nearby the Food Court. The largest Forever 21 store to date is located in Calexico, California.

Its revenue topped $1 billion in 2006, placing Forever 21 in the ranks of the top 500 privately held companies in the U.S. The business strategy of Forever 21 has budgeted expenses in advertising. The company chooses to keep their money away from premium real estate that attracts heavy commercial traffic.

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Controversy
In November 2001, factory workers producing clothing for the company called for a store boycott until working conditions and payroll improved. The lawsuit was dropped when Forever 21 paid the workers' back wages. The matter was settled out of court and the company, which admitted no wrongdoing, agreed to take steps to ensure that its garments were not made in sweatshops. In 2004, under pressure from PETA, Forever 21 agreed to stop selling clothing made with animal fur. Forever 21 has also been accused of stealing designs from high-end fashion brands. Recently, designer Diane von Fürstenberg has filed a lawsuit against Forever 21 for duplicating her dress designs. Since that time Furstenberg has settled with the company for undisclosed terms. Singer and designer Gwen Stefani has filed a federal lawsuit against the fashion megachain, claiming the retailer illegally ripped off her Harajuku Lovers designs. Designer Anna Sui has also filed a lawsuit against Forever 21 alleging that Forever 21 sold and offered for sale numerous women's fast fashion clothing items bearing a striking similarity to her products featured at the most recent New York Fashion Week shows. The store's trademark yellow shopping bags have the words John 3:16 printed on the bottom, a reflection of the owners' Christian faith.

Fashion capital

A fashion capital is a location which is influential in fashion and in which fashion is important. A fashion capital would be the home of many top designers, modeling agencies, and the like.

Traditionally, the five major fashion capitals are Paris, London, Milan, Tokyo and New York. Especially in recent years, however, the importance of the fashion industry has grown in other cities globally, and other cities, such as Montreal, are sometimes included in the list.

Other top fashion capitals include Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Melbourne,Rome, Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai, and Barcelona.

The Top Fashion Cities, 2008 ranking, last year’s rank, and commentary follow.

1. New York (1) - No. 1 for the fifth year running.
2. Rome (2) - The Eternal City, again, a strong No. 2.
3. Paris (3) - Perhaps No. 1 in the world’s hearts and mind - but not the media’s.
4. Milan (5) - Overtakes London in this survey.
5. London (4) - The Elite Five far outdistance the rest.
6. Los Angeles (6) - LA knocks on the door of the Elite Five.
7. Sydney (12) - Sydney makes a huge move, breaking into the Top 10.
8. Las Vegas (9) - The intense media spotlight improves Vegas’ ranking.
9. Berlin (11) - Berlin continues its very strong presence.
10. Tokyo (6) - Tokyo remains the capital of the Asian Fashion Industry.
11. Hong Kong (8) - Threatening to move ahead of Tokyo.
12. Dubai (24) - Massive marketing fueled by petrodollars can make an impact.
13. Shanghai (14) - Vies with Hong Kong for the lead in China.
14. Singapore (10) - Significant fashion infrastructure keeps its ranking strong.
15. Madrid (15) - Resserts the Iberian fashion lead over Barcelona
16. Moscow (16) - Firmly ensconces itself in the Top Twenty.
17. Santiago (19) - Leads Latin America.
18. Melbourne (15) - Take a second seat to a high-flying Sydney.
19. Stockholm (New) - First Scandinavian on the list.
20. Buenos Aires (22) - Traditional leader in fashion continues to move up the rankings.
21. Johannesburg (23) - Joburg improves two spots.
22. Mumbai (18) - Mumbai again leads the Subcontinent.
23. Cape Town (New) - Joburg’s rival is new to the list.
24. New Delhi (New) - New Delhi makes the List, but still is outpaced by Bollywood.
25. Barcelona (13) - Still in the Top Twenty-five though Madrid has strong lead.
26. Miami (New) - Makes the list on its leadership in swimwear.
27. Krakow (25) - Shares the neo-Bohemian spotlight with Prague.
28. Prague (New) - No neo about this rising center of fashion.
29. Toronto (New) — First Canadian city on the list; Montreal just missed the rankings.
30. Rio de Janeiro (20) - Strong Latin American No. 3 outpacing Sao Paolo.